Many people debate how the world
began.Some say it was over a period
of billions of years, as life patiently and cautiously grew over this
planet, filling it with diversity, and perfecting the structure of
existence.Others say it was over a
period of seven days, where everything from geese, fish, helicopters, jam,
Santa Claus, zucchini, pigs and more was created, which can only be
described as...
MAGIC!
The first group of people are
described as scientists, while the second group are called, Ostriches,
because they’re known for having their head in dark holes, possibly up
their @$$.
Look, all kidding aside, some
people believe that the Earth was created in seven days, but the truth is
that there are literally MILLIONS of pieces of evidence in multiple fields
(radio telescopes, cosmic background radiation, archeological findings, and
mathematic extrapolations) that show the world and the universe were formed
over billions of years.Now, does
this mean there is no God?
It does not prove anything about
God.All it proves is that one book
has a few typos.Moving on.
The universe began as a single
particle of matter, only one billionth, of a billionth, of a billionth, of
a billionth, of a billionth, of a meter.What happened at the very beginning?We’re not entirely sure.Perhaps it was the hand of God, perhaps it was a random occurrence
of one atomic electron colliding into another.I like to think it was space monkeys in
an alternative dimension who detonated a nuclear bomb so big it collapsed
their own universe, opened a black hole, and created ours, but I digress.
Basically, within the first few
seconds of the big bang, the particle of matter expands (which ironically
was not an explosion), and unifies all forces of energy.Energy was released, and the teeny tiny
universe blew up into the size of a melon.To give that scale, it would be like your head, suddenly growing
from what it is now, to the size of the sun, within a fraction of a second.
At this point, the universe is
still small, and is a lot of random matter; pretty foggy, but still the
size of a melon.The universe would
basically look like a smoke ring; but it would give off so much heat, it
could melt you into a puddle of goo.
Then, for the first three seconds
of the universe’s creation, the universe continues to expand and cools,
allowing quarks to be created.
No!Quarks are particles that are smaller
than atoms.Smaller than electrons
even.
That all happened in the first 3
seconds of the universe.Then we
have the next 380,000 years.
The universe grew, and it took
380,000 years for the universe to cool, and finally create basic atoms
(basically it took 380,000 years for the quarks to join together and form
electrons, and some basic, simple Hydrogen atoms).
Gravity took over, and brought
various elements together much like a social butterfly at a bad family
reunion.Matter moved around, some
joining here, some joining there, until eventually enough Hydrogen and
Helium atoms joined together, formed other atoms, and created a supernova,
which creates a star, including our sun.
Our Sun
Our sun, was formed around 4.5
billion (that’s 4,500,000,000) years ago.It is widely considered to have begun because of the explosion of a
big ball of gas (insert your own joke here).At first, the planets formed, and
cooled.
Then, similar to the formation of
the universe, random particles formed during the cooling process, and
gasses turned into complex atoms, and then complex molecules, including
water.
You see, water wasn’t formed
overnight.It took a long time for
our oceans to form.Then, complex
molecules became proteins, and the proteins developed into DNA, and then
single-cell creatures called Amoebas.
Finally, the Amoebas joined to
create bigger creatures, and roughly 230 million years ago (that’s 4.27
billion years after the creation of the Earth), dinosaurs began to roam the
Earth.
Myths about dinosaurs:
Contrary to popular belief, humans
and dinosaurs never existed at the same time (that’s right, The
Flintstones lied to you).
The first dinosaurs were large, and
rugged creatures similar to Rhinoceroses.It took millions of years for dinosaurs to evolve into the efficient
killing machines like the T-Rex, and the Velociraptor.
Not all dinosaurs were
lizards.Many had feathers, and some
swam.
For more information on dinosaur
myths, click here.
Anyway, long story short, the
dinosaurs died out.Whether it was
an asteroid, gradual evolution, a change in local conditions, or perhaps
space monkeys, they were wiped out 65 million (that’s 65,000,000) years
ago.
This allowed smaller mammals to
eventually evolve into larger primates (including cavemen), roughly 6
million (6,000,000) years ago.
These creatures eventually evolved
into homo-sapiens (that’s the scientific term for humans) around 200,000
years ago (finally, no more parentheses), and existed as basic
hunter-gatherers until the beginning of the stone age.
Stone Age
(? - 4,300 BC)
This is not to be confused with
the Stoned Age, which is considered either the era between 1963 to 1969, or
the era between 1 am and
3 am in most college
dorm rooms.
Technically, the stone age lasted
over a million years, and is divided into three parts, but the term is
usually used to describe when man first formed tools, basic shelters, and
the beginnings of civilization spread to the four hot spots of the world.
The period between the end of the
last ice age, 10,000 years ago to around 6,000 years ago, has seen the most
activity.This is because that era
had rising sea levels, and there was a need to adapt to a changing environment
and find new food sources.
Some of the Stone Age’s milestones
include:
Milestone
Year
Importance
The first basic shelter consisting
of rocks and branches is discovered.
2,000,000 BC
This is widely considered the first
effort by man to take self-deterministic actions to protect himself.A similar structure was later found in
500,000 BC in France.This is believed to be the first Hilton
hotel shelter, and then followed by the first Hilton shelter sex tape.
The first structure was created
made out of stones, clay blocks, and timber, in Czechoslovakia.
23,000 BC
This was basically the first
house, which was followed by the first mortgage payment.
An animal hide tent made with
bones was created in France.
15,000 BC
This just shows the French were
behind... again.
The first cave paintings in Spain
were done.
14,000 BC
Ironically, the paintings look a
lot like a giant red bull.
Alright, where’s our freaking
advertising money.
Not a human achievement, but this
time is when the last ice age ended.
10,000 to 6,000 BC
This caused rising sea levels, and
a need for humans to migrate and adapt.One could call it a mental evolutionary marker, where the cavemen
who couldn’t adapt died off, and the humans who had the intellect to form
tools, lived on.
Agriculture (farming) and the first
signs of civilization appear in the fertile crescent in the middle east
(where Iraq
is), and quickly spread to the IndusValley, the Mediterranean, and China.
7,000 BC
The development of farming aloud
humans to settle down, rather than being a constantly migratory
people.With this basic need for
food and stability satisfied, they could develop homes and technologies in
a safe environment.
Sea levels have been rising, and -
according to the disputed "Black Sea Deluge Theory" - sea water
suddenly begins pouring into the Black Sea basin, flooding vast amounts of
inhabited land and sending people on new migrations with stories about a
great flood.
5,600 BC
This is one of the theory’s behind
the story of Noah’s Ark.This is possible because many
civilizations of the time also have flood mythologies.
People in China are planting
seeds.
5,500 BC
Agriculture has spread from Greece
into central Europe. Farming reappears in Africa south of the Sahara in the
Niger Basin in the West. The Sahara at this time is grass and woodland with
an abundance of rainfall, rivers, lakes, fish and aquatic life. People
there are growing crops and raising sheep, goats and cattle.
4,500 BC
Copper Age
4,300 BC – 1,000 BC
It was during this time that
humans first learned metal-working (or metallurgy) and the European Battle
Axe culture arose (which sounds like a bad 80’s metal band), and trade
began to flourish between the four hot spots of civilization.
This is also the period when Ötzi
the Iceman (found in the Ötztaler Alps) died and was frozen in the
mountains, and whose remains have been dated to about 3300 BC.
We refer to it as the Battleaxe
culture because as you’ll come to learn, where there’s trade, war will
follow.Just compare maps of where
major wars have broken out, and where major trading centers and routes have
been.
Now why could this be?
Bronze Age
3,500 BC – 1,100 BC
This is when humans start to
discover the ability, and importance of metalworking, specifically, how to
take base elements of ore (rock), and extract copper and tin.
This allowed for stronger weapons,
swords, lamps, and decorative pieces.Unfortunately, as hard as they tried, they could not use the art of
smelting to create the first X-box.That would come much later.
While many areas of the world are
still relegated to small tribes, the four hot spots of civilization are
forming together, either through alliances, marriage, or just plain old
invasions.
These hot spots of civilization
include:
The
formation of the First Dynasty of Egypt in 3100 BC, and a couple of
centuries later, built the great pyramid of Giza
Kot
Diji of the Indus Valley Civilizations begins (the first empire in India)
2800 BC
Yu
the Great established the Xia Dynasty in China around 2070 BC
The
ancient civilizations of Jiroft, Sumeria, Assyria,
Akkadia, and others were developed around 1900 BC between the Tigris and EuphratesRivers,
which is currently modern Day Iraq.
Also during this time, the Greek
city-states rose, and it’s widely considered that the Trojan War, occurred
around 1200 BC.However, we see much
more activity in the four regions listed above.
Iron Age
1,100 BC – 44 BC
It is said that the iron age first
began in India, through the advance of smelting iron (which means to melt
raw metal at specific temperatures, and separate the raw ore into different
components).
Smelting allowed for stronger
weapons to be created.It traveled
westward, and appeared in central European nations by 700 BC, and in
northern Europe by 500 BC.
Define this period, many
civilizations clashed, and wars raged.Some of these included:
·The Zhou and Warring States period occurred in
China, circa 350 BC, near the city of Gaocheng (藁城) in
Shijiazhuang (now Hebei province), where an iron-bladed bronze tomahawk (铁刃青铜钺).
·In Africa, the widespread use of iron
revolutionized the Bantu-speaking farming communities who adopted it,
driving out and absorbing the hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as
they expanded to farm wider areas of savannah.
·In Greece, the Dorians are credited for
discovering iron smelting.The
Dorians were the most rigid and exclusive cast systems in Greece.
·The state of Rome was officially formed in 500
BC.
Axial Age
800 BC – 200 BC
German philosopher Karl Jaspers
coined the term the Axial Age (Achsenzeit in the German language original)
to describe the period from 800 BC to 200 BC, during which, according to
Jaspers, similarly revolutionary thinking appeared in China, India, and Europe.
The main reason these schools of
thought were able to travel so far and be so successful, was because of the
improvements in technology brought on by the iron age.As you’ll note, the Axial Age took up
nearly half of the Iron Age, and was able to be so prominent because the
smelting of iron allowed certain cultures to dominate others through the
export and trade of important goods, and through wars.
Some of these great thinkers
included:
Platonism, which would later
become a major influence on the Western world through both Christian and
secular thought throughout the middle ages and into the renaissance.
His thoughts spread through his student
Plato, Plato’s student Aristotle, and Aristotle’s student, Alexander the
great, who later went on to conquer a massive empire.
Buddhism,
another of the world's most influential philosophies, was founded by
Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha, who lived during this period.
Since Siddhartha was an Indian
prince, it was easy for his ideas to spread outward from India with the
tradesmen who would sell the new iron products all over the known world.
In China,
Confucianism arose during this era, where it remains a profound influence
on social and religious life.
While all of these philosophers
were important, they often force historians to look over the important
contributions of St. Malicious the third.
Era of the Roman State
44 BC – September 4, 476 AD
Although the official state of
Rome was formed around 500 BC, the Era of the Roman State defines the time
when Rome acted as the super-power of Europe and Northern-Africa (if not
the world) and made several cultural and technological advances that we
still utilize today.Many historians
try to define this era as the Post-Roman Iron Age, but most of those sniff
glue.
Noted historian, Francesco
Petrarca, said, “What else, then, is all history, but the praise of Rome?”
44 BC is the year when Julius
Caesar (yes, THE Julius Caesar) was appointed perpetual dictator.September 4th, 476 AD is the
day the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by the German
tribes, sent into exile, and then “disappears.”Romulus Augustus was only 15 years old,
and reigned as emperor for only 10 months.
Rome was known for its great
technological achievements.The
irony of this is that the Romans stole most of their technologies from the
Greeks, and other civilizations they conquered.You see today, we have copyright and
trademark laws that protect intellectual property, so people can actually
make money on their ideas.According
to Roman law, once you invented things, there was no way to protect someone
from mass-producing your work, and take all the money for themselves.
Some of the important
technological developments of the time included:
Technology
Pretty Picture
Importance
The Roman Abacus
This early version of the
calculator allowed Romans to speed up arithmetic, and compute complex
equations.
The Arch
As odd as it may seem, the arch was
actually a major technological concept, because it allowed massive support,
and easy passage, while utilizing minimal materials, and aesthetic
beauty.The arch later became used
in almost all Roman architecture.
Aqueducts
These aqueducts were amongst the
greatest engineering feats of the ancient world, and set a standard not
equaled for over a thousand years after the fall of Rome. Many cities still
maintain and use the ancient aqueducts for their water supply even
today.After all, how else would
people go to the bathroom without aqueducts.
Concrete Roads
Before Rome, no one ever thought
of building roads out of anything but dirt.These new roads allowed the Empire’s army to be deployed easier, and
also increased trade.
This then gave way to the Roman
flying car.
Dark Age
476 AD - 1000 AD
The Dark Ages is referred to as
such because after the fall of the Roman empire, there was a complete
breakdown in the written language in the Roman territories and surrounding
ares.Unfortunately, historians need
multiple written records to gauge proper historical events, otherwise
anyone could write a single book saying all kinds of fantastical events
happened, and millions of people would believe it… and that’s just silly.
Some historians, such as Edward
Gibbons, defined this period as a superstitious, dark time, where priests
of all religions roamed through Europe, spreading fear and malice.
It was during this time that if
the legendary King Arthur existed, he would have reigned during the early
part of the Dark Age.
Ironically, many of the Arab
Kingdoms, such as the Byzantine Empire, were having a Golden Age, where
Arab sheiks, Jewish rabbis, and scholars, worked together to achieve great
accomplishments in math, science, and the arts.
In fact, the Arabic-Hindu math
system is the one that replaced Roman numerals, and the system we currently
use today.
Middle Ages
1000 AD – 1400 AD
Also known as the Medieval Age (Ha!
Middle; Medieval, it’s a pun!), and also known as the second half of the
dark ages, this was known as a time of strong-handed leaders, and often
violent acts.These categories are
not exclusive to Europe though.
Some early historians have
described non-European countries as "medieval" when those
countries show characteristics of "feudal" organization. The
pre-Westernisation period in the history of Japan, and the pre-colonial
period in developed parts of sub-Saharan Africa, are also sometimes termed
"mediaeval."
One of the unique traits of the
Middle Ages, is that it began at 1000 AD, a time of great pessimism,
because many Christians believed the world would end and the rapture would
begin at the year 1000.In 999,
Wars, bands of raiders, poverty, and chaos ransacked Europe.At New Year’s Eve 999, Pope Sylvester II
attended midnight mass, and as most of Rome awaited the end of the world,
the twelfth bell tolled, and nothing happened.
The most prominent influence at
the time was the Catholic Church, which used it’s influence on the peasants
to domineer over the country’s rulers with the threat of
excommunication.Kings ruled many
separate kingdoms, and beneath them were feudal lords with hereditary
entitlements to the crown.Castles
both big and small dotted the landscape of Europe.
One of the important sub-sections
of the Medieval Times (besides the jousting competition) was a period known
as the Viking Age.
The Viking Age lasted from 793 AD
to 1100 AD, a period when the Scandinavian expansion was so dramatic, and
so vicious that it started all of Europe.The Vikings burned down monasteries, invaded Northern England, and
gave us the technology of longships.
Artwork also greatly advanced
during this period:
Technology like windmills, iron
horse shoes, 24 hour clocks, and other technologies were invented by monks
(yes, monks).
Banks were formed to foster
international trade, craftsmen and inventors banded together to form guilds
(helping to protect intellectual property violations that occurred
constantly under Roman rule), and some towns even declared independence from
their local feudal lords.
Unfortunately, the middle ages
were cut short, after the Middle Ages-Life Crisis ended, and his trophy
girlfriend left him for a young drummer in a rock band.
The Renaissance (The Age of Rebirth)
1400 AD – 1600 AD
The Renaissance is a French word
for Rebirth and is widely used to describe the time when European explorers
would sail off to parts of the world unknown.It largely coincides with an influx of
new ideas.
There were also powerful families
at the time, such as the Medici’s, who could extend power across
Europe.Their family produced three
popes, and infiltrated members into the royal families across Europe.
This is a time when brilliant
“Renaissance Men” such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and
Rafael redefined culture itself.They were called Renaissance Men because they aspired to be
excellent in as many fields as possible.They all had shortcomings, but they tried to be the best they
possibly could be.
This is the period when western
civilization really caught up with where the Romans left off.One of the important traits of this
period is that scholars who believed in the Humanist style of history,
began revisiting Roman documents, and learning from past successes, and
mistakes.
Greek and Arab works were also
incorporated into the Renaissance Zeitgeist.
It was also during this time
period that (for better or for worse) Europe started to explore outward:
·In 1492, Christopher Columbus first discovered
the American continents.
·In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan sought out to be
the first ship to circle the globe, even though he would not survive, and
the voyage would take over a year to complete. (For this, they named the
Straights of Magellan after him).
·Portugal opened more trade routes to distant lands
because of a shortage of bullion in the land.Many other nations and families would
follow, including the Medicis, who opened routes to India and China.
·Colonialism began, and sovereign nations and
areas like Africa, China, and the Americas were divided into colonies by
the European powers.
·Unfortunately, as the European powers spread,
slavery became an increasing form of profit.Even though indentured servitude had
existed as a form of slavery in various European and African kingdoms for
centuries, the mass-production of kidnapping and slavery took off with
Portugal’s colonization of Africa in 1526.Many other European nations were encouraged to do so, both to keep
up with the Capitalist benefit of slavery, and because of religious
elements that preached God saw Africans as an inferior people because of
the color of their skin, and because they did not know of Christianity.
Widely influenced by a resurgence in
Socratic thought, it is this era that planted the seeds for the Age of
Enlightenment, and the revolutionary philosophies that followed.
One of the cornerstones of this
resurgence was the work of Immanuel
Kant, a German philosopher
and physicist who established critical philosophy on a systematic basis,
proposed a material theory for the origin of the solar system.Kant believed:
“If man makes
himself a worm he must not complain when he is trodden on.”
Isaac Newton also discovered the
law of gravity, showing that what goes up, must come down.Many people have tried to disprove this
theory over the years including the Wright Brothers, Neil Armstrong, Day
Traders, and the inventors of Viagra.
Age of Enlightenment
1700 AD – 1804 AD
Usually used as a term to define
18th century philosophy, many attribute its end to the
Napoleonic Wars which ravaged Europe.
The Age of Enlightenment is
comprised of literally hundreds of philosophers: Baruch
Spinoza (a Dutch philosopher who is considered to have laid the
groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment); Balthasar Bekker (in his book De Philosophia Cartesiana, Bekker
argued that theology and philosophy each had their separate terrain and
that Nature can no more be explained from Scripture than can theological
truth be deduced from Nature); Thomas
Abbt (a German who
promoted what would later be called Nationalism in Vom Tode für's Vaterland;
On dying for one's nation); Edmund
Burke (an Irishman who
is best known for pragmatism, considered important to both liberal and
conservative thinking; Benjamin Franklin (the American statesman, scientist,
political philosopher, pragmatic deist, and author); Thomas Jefferson (an American statesman, political philosopher, educator, and
deist); Voltaire
(a writer for the French Enlightenment, essayist, deist, and philosopher); Adam
Smith (a Scottish economist and philosopher who wrote The Wealth of Nations).
Because of the seeds planted
during the Age of Reason, great political changes occurred around the
world.Democratic reforms spread
across Europe, especially in Poland, and Revolutions occurred in America and
France.
Industrial Age
1760 AD – 1946 AD
Overlapping with the Age of
Enlightenment, it represents a time when changing technologies were
affecting everyday life.Old jobs
were made obsolete, and new jobs were created, increasing a need in the
general public for a good education.
The Industrial Age is split into
two industrial revolutions: the first in the 1760’s as a result of the end
of Feudalism; and the second in the 1830’s.The Industrial Age was a time when factories filled the land, and
the economy was mainly dependent on the building of machines.
Three of the areas that benefitted
the most from the Industrial Age were Textiles, Steam Power, and Iron Founding
(which is a way of improving on the iron smelting that was conceived in the
iron age).
Manufacturing improved greatly
during this period, and almost any object could be mass produced.
Canals were built to increase
trade and productivity (such as the Panama Canal), and railways blew up
across continents as the new veins of progress.Electricity became widely utilized in all
homes, and urbanization began on a massive scale, causing some cities to
overpopulate (and that’s the real reason why you can’t get a decent parking
spot in New York City).
After it’s formation in 1870,
officials from the new government of Japan toured industrial sites in
Europe and America to ensure that they would not fall behind in the
industrial wave.
These advances were not without
their setbacks.Groups of poorly
educated individuals called Luddites grouped together and sabotaged
factories, supply-lines, and any form of technology that either threatened
their ability to gain employment, or they didn’t understand.Child labor also was a menace as millions
of orphans and poor children were forced to work in dangerous conditions.
Also, it was the pollution of the
Industrial Age that created Global Warming… wait, sorry, I’m being told
that according to the State of Kansas we are not allowed to admit that
Global Warming exists.Instead, we
can only refer to it as, “Permanent Summer.”
Information Age
1946 AD – 2001 AD
The Information Age began in 1946 with
the invention of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) the
first general purpose computer, invented at The University of
Pennsylvania.The name Information
Age alludes to the global economy's shift in focus away from the production
of physical goods (as exemplified by the industrial age) and toward the
manipulation of information.
With the urbanization that
occurred in the Industrial Age, and the Baby Boomer Generation that began
after World War 2, it was an easy transition for many management companies
to be created in cities, while many of their employees would commute from
the suburbs.This commute (which
would often take an hour or more) would be done via cars and trains, but
would also lead to higher pollution, and help fuel… “Permanent Summer.”
Some of the technologies that were
invented during this time were:
Technology
Pretty Picture
Importance
ENIAC general purpose electronic
digital computer
Invented in 1946, it was the first
general purpose computer, designed for more than just code-breaking, and
porn.
Earliest form of the Internet
The earliest form of the internet
was created in 1969 by a team led by Leonard Kleinrock (they were a lot
younger than in this picture, but they were the same guys).It was supported by then Congressman, Al
Gore, and later made available for mass appeal by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991.
Invented in the late 1970’s, this
innovation was furthered by individuals like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates.
Email
Invented in 1971, and surprisingly,
the first e-mail did not read, “If you do not forward this e-mail to 5
friends, you will suffer incredible bad luck.”
The first brick phone was invented
in 1984 (largely based off the Star Trek communicator), but mainstreamed
and miniaturized thru the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Also known as Eureka 147, is a
digital technology for broadcasting radio stations, used in several
countries, particularly in Europe. As of 2006, approximately 1,000 stations
worldwide broadcast in the DAB format.
NBC was the first network to go
all HD in accordance with the government’s Feb. 17th, 2009
deadline.
Space Age
1957 AD – 1972 AD
The Space Age began with the
development of several technologies that culminated on October 4, 1957,
with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's
first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98 minutes and 6
seconds.The launch of Sputnik 1
ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements
that became known as the Space Age.
The Space Age was characterized by
rapid development of new technology in a close race mainly between the USA
and the Soviet Union. Rapid advances were made in rocketry, materials
science, computers, and many other areas. Much of the technology originally
developed for space applications has been spun off and found other uses.
The Space Age reached its peak
with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the
world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 on the moon by Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin, is an event watched by over 500 million people around the
world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th
century.The last Apollo space
mission was in 1972, and since then, public attention has largely moved to
other areas.
But, many hope that one day, man
will return to the stars...
In the early 21st century, the
Ansari X Prize competition was set up to help jump start private
spaceflight which was won by Space Ship One in 2004, becoming the
first spaceship not funded by a government agency.
Digital Age
What is the Digital Age?It’s right now.You’re living in the digital age.
The digital age is an evolution of
the information age, where in addition to goods and services, our economy,
culture, and way of life is dependent upon digital technologies.
Cell phones, DVD’s, the internet,
and more all make up the digital age because they are not concrete per say,
but literally, they are bits of electricity traveling at the speed of
light.
We’ve come a long way from the
beginning of the universe to the present day, but it goes to show you that
history isn’t just a random assortment of dates and figures.It’s a singular narrative story reaching
back millions of years, with innovations and achievements colliding into
one another, each one affecting the next one, right on down to the way we
live our lives today.
So now the question is, what will
be the next era, and how will you bring it about?
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